Triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation for display and lighting applications

ABSTRACT

Novel devices comprising a layer including compounds that are capable of triplet triplet annihilation up conversation (TTA-UC) and techniques for operating the same are provided. In particular, the up-conversation layer absorbs light emitted by the OLED device and emits up-converted light with shorter wavelength in response. These devices and techniques may be used to provide improved lifetime for blue emitting devices.

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/901,901, filed October 11, 201, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/397,542, filed on Jun. 11, 2010, the disclosure of each of which is herein expressly incorporated in its entirety.

The claimed invention was made by, on behalf of, and/or in connection with one or more of the following parties to a joint university corporation research agreement: Regents of the University of Michigan, Princeton University, The University of Southern California, and the Universal Display Corporation. The agreement was in effect on and before the date the claimed invention was made, and the claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the agreement.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). More specifically, the present invention pertains to devices comprising a layer of compounds capable of triplet triplet annihilation up-conversation (TTA-UC) such that emission is converted to a shorter wavelength.

BACKGROUND

Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becoming increasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic opto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited for particular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate. Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials. For example, the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emits light may generally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants.

OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full color display. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adapted to emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. In particular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Color may be measured using CIE coordinates, which are well known to the art.

One example of a green emissive molecule is tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium, denoted Ir(ppy)₃, which has the structure:

In this, and later figures herein, we depict the dative bond from nitrogen to metal (here, Ir) as a straight line.

As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as well as small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually be quite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in some circumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as a pendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Small molecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. The core moiety of a dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it is believed that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs are small molecules.

As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while “bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposed further away from substrate. There may be other layers between the first and second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “in contact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organic layers in between.

As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium, either in solution or suspension form.

A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed that the ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of an emissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it is believed that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactive properties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand may alter the properties of a photoactive ligand.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or “higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials (IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolute value (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolute value (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A “higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such a diagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbers relative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function is more negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as further away from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, the definitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different convention than work functions.

More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Devices using triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation (TTA-UC) to covert emission from a light source, e.g., an OLED, to an emission with shorter wavelength are provided. A first device is provided, comprising a first organic light emitting device comprising a first material that is an emitting material having a first emissive spectrum, and a first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer disposed adjacent to the first organic light emitting device such that light emitted by the organic light emitting device is incident on the first up-conversation layer. The first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer comprising a first donor material and a first acceptor material, and the first donor material has an absorption spectrum that overlaps with the first emissive spectrum.

In one aspect, the device further comprises a pixel, which further comprises three subpixels. The first subpixel comprises the first organic light emitting device and the first up-conversation layer disposed adjacent to the first organic light emitting device. The second subpixel comprises a second organic light emitting device comprising a second material that is an emitting material having a second emissive spectrum. Preferably, the second subpixel does not include an up-conversation layer or a down conversion layer. The third subpixel comprises a third organic light emitting device comprising a third material that is an emitting material having a third emissive spectrum.

In another aspect, the third subpixel further comprises a first down conversion layer disposed adjacent to the third organic light emitting device such that light emitted by the third organic light emitting device is incident on the first down conversion layer.

In yet another aspect, the first material, the second material, and the third material have an emissive spectrum having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm. Preferably, the first material, the second material, and the third material are the same material.

In a further aspect, the first and the second materials have an emissive spectrum having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm, and the third material has an emissive spectrum having a peak wavelength of about 600 nm to about 700 nm. Preferably, the second subpixel does not comprise an up-conversation layer or a down conversion layer.

In one aspect, the first subpixel has an emissive spectrum that has a peak wavelength of about 400 nm to about 500 nm, the second subpixel has an emissive spectrum that has a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm, and the third subpixel has an emissive spectrum that has a peak wavelength of about 600 nm to about 700 nm.

In another aspect, the first material, the second material, and the third material have an emissive spectrum having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm. In the first subpixel, the first material emits light having a peak wavelength of about 500 to about 600 nm. The first up-conversation layer absorbs light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm and emits light having a peak wavelength of about 400 nm to about 500 nm, such that the first subpixel emits light having a peak wavelength of about 400 nm to about 500 nm. The second subpixel does not include an up-conversation or a down conversion layer, and the second material emits light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm, such that the second subpixel emits light having a wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm. The third subpixel includes a down conversion layer, which absorbs light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm and emits light having a peak wavelength of about 600 nm to about 700 nm, such that the third subpixel emits light having a peak wavelength of about 600 nm to about 700 nm. Preferably, the first material, the second material, and the third material are the same material.

In one aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer absorbs between about 80 percent and about 100 percent of the light emitted from the organic light emitting device.

In another aspect, the device further comprises at least one filter that absorbs light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm.

In yet another aspect, the device further comprises at least one microcavity that absorbs light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm.

In a further aspect, the device absorbs 99 percent of the emitted light emitted by the first material.

In one aspect, the organic light emitting device is capable of emitting a first spectrum of light having a first peak wavelength when voltage is applied to the device. The first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer is capable of absorbing the first spectrum of light and emitting a second spectrum of light with a second peak wavelength. The second peak wavelength is shorter than the first peak wavelength.

In another aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer absorbs between about 20 percent and about 80 percent of the light emitted by the first material.

In one aspect, the device has CIE coordinates of x=0.10-0.40, y=0.05-0.40.

In another aspect, the device has a CRI of about 80 to about 100.

In one aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer is a solution. In another aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer is a solid film.

In one aspect, the light source is a green organic light emitting device or red organic light emitting device.

In another aspect, the first material emits light having CIE coordinates of within a seven step McAdam ellipse centered on the black body curve with a correlated color temperature (CCT) in the range of 2500-7400K, and the first device emits light having CIE coordinates of within a seven step McAdam ellipse centered on the black body curve with a correlated color temperature (CCT) at least 50K higher than that of the emission of the first material.

In yet another aspect, the first material emits light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 700 nm, and the first device emits light having CIE coordinates of within a seven step McAdam ellipse centered on the black body curve with a correlated color temperature (CCT) in the range of 2500-7000K.

In one aspect, the first device further comprises a filter deposited over the organic light emitting device.

In one aspect, the first device is an area emitting device.

In one aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer and the organic light emitting device are deposited on the same substrate. In another aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer is vertically-stacked upon the organic light emitting device. In yet another aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer and the organic light emitting device are positioned side by side.

In one aspect, the first device is a display. In another aspect, the first device is suitable for general illumination purposes.

In one aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer has a linear or circular light polarization function.

In one aspect, the first material is a small molecule. In another aspect, the first material is a phosphorescent molecule.

In one aspect, up-conversation is achieved through triplet-triplet annihilation.

In one aspect, the first donor materials are selected from the group consisting of:

The first donor materials may be substituted or unsubstituted.

In another aspect, the first acceptor materials are selected from the group consisting of:

The first acceptor materials may be substituted or unsubstituted.

Methods of operating a device are also provided. The methods comprise driving an organic light emitting device to generate light, absorbing the light in a first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer, shortening the wavelength of the light using triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation, and emitting the light.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device that does not have a separate electron transport layer.

FIG. 3 shows various devices using the TTA-UC process.

FIG. 4 shows various devices with different pixel architecture.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.

More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., “Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporated by reference.

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Device 100 may include a substrate 110, an anode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, an electron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blocking layer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer 150, a protective layer 155, and a cathode 160. Cathode 160 is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. Device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functions of these various layers, as well as example materials, are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which are incorporated by reference.

More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F.sub.4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. Device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed over the anode, and device 200 has cathode 215 disposed under anode 230, device 200 may be referred to as an “inverted” OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may be used in the corresponding layers of device 200. FIG. 2 provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device 100.

The simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layers described in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe various layers as comprising a single material, it is understood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host and dopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an “organic layer” disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2.

Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/233,470, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink jet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, including flat panel displays, computer monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.).

The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.

The terms halo, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, aromatic group, and heteroaryl are known to the art, and are defined in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 31-32, which are incorporated herein by reference.

This invention discloses a new method of achieving white OLEDs and blue/green OLEDs through a triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation process (TTA-UC) (illustrated in FIG. 3). A solution or solid film that contains compounds with capability of TTA-UC can be placed adjacent to an OLED device. During the operation of the OLED, the TTA-UC system partially converts the emission from the OLED to an emission with shorter wavelength.

Photon up-conversation based on triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) has emerged as a promising wavelength-shifting technology. The sensitized TTA mechanism allows the use of low power non-coherent continuous-wave excitation sources. In this sensitized TTA process, short wavelength photons are produced from the absorption of lower energy light by triplet sensitizers. The sensitizers then transfer the energy to the acceptor molecules. Two triplets can collide and produce a higher energy excited singlet state and the corresponding ground-state species. The excited single state can undergo radiative decay, giving out a photon that is significantly higher in energy than the exciting light. Historically, TTA-UC was used for organic solar cell technology. An up-converter may be needed to increase the number of photons with shorter wavelengths, which the organic solar panel is capable of absorbing.

Additionally, the use of TTA to up-convert electrically generated triplets has been reported in the art. See, e.g., D. Y. Kondakov, et al., Triplet annihilation exceeding spin statistical limit in highly efficient fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys. 106, 124510 (2009). Embodiments of the invention disclosed herein include TTA-UC of photogenerated triplets, rather than electrically generated triplets.

It has been reported in the art to introduce various heavy metal-containing sensitizers such as iridium and platinum complexes. Red to green, red to blue, and green to blue up-conversation have been achieved using different systems. Photon up-conversation using TTA has been demonstrated in both dilute solutions and solid films. For example, Castellano et al reported a TTA system with Pd(OEP), DPA and poly(EO-EPI). They have shown that selective green excitation (544 nm) of palladium(II) octaethylporphyrin (PdOEP) leads to triplet sensitization of 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), eventually producing blue singlet DPA fluorescence (400-525 nm) in these films. The chemical structures of (a) PdOEP, (b) DPA, and (c) EO-EPI, are shown below.

A polyfluorene copolymer and heavy metal containing sensitizer for TTA up-conversation has been reported. See US20080103279. By introducing a condensed ring system in the polymer chain, TTA can be greatly enhanced and it is possible to use this system in a semiconductor device and obtain improved performance. See, US20080103279 and Kondakov et al., Triplet annihilation exceeding spin statistical limit in highly efficient fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys. 106, 124510 (2009).

A light emitting device using a semiconductor light emitting device based on inorganic rare earth metal compounds with an up-converting material disposed in the path of the emission from the semiconductor light emitting device has also been described in the art. See, U.S. Pat. No. 7,471,706. However, there are inherent limitations to the device and methods described, including poor efficiency of less than 10% due to several steps of energy transfer. Therefore, it may be difficult to achieve highly efficient displays with RGD up-converting systems. In addition, the inorganic rare earth metal device also requires a coherent light source, which further limits the usefulness of the device. See, Journal of Display Technology, 2, 68 (2006).

Embodiments of the prevent invention use triplet-triplet annihilation for up-conversation, and up to 60% efficiency has been reported for TTA-UC. See, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 1795 (2010). Therefore, TTA up-conversation may be more efficient than rare earth up-conversation system. In addition, a coherent light source is not required for TTA-UC. Furthermore, in the display architecture disclosed in embodiments of this invention, only the blue pixel was based on up-conversation, therefore the display may be reasonably efficient.

Although steady progress in the development of blue OLEDs has been made during the past two decades, the lifetime of blue devices still lags behind that of green and red OLEDs. Embodiments of the current invention provide a method of producing shorter wavelength emission from an OLED with longer wavelength emission. In particular, embodiments of the invention provide a method of producing blue light from a red or green OLED. This invention may overcome the problem of short lifetimes commonly seen in blue OLEDs. Additionally, embodiments of the invention provide an alternative to using less stable blue compounds in a device.

As disclosed herein, an OLED device is coupled with a solution or thin film, which contains compounds that can undergo TTA up-conversation. The OLED provides an excitation light source. The TTA media can absorb the light and convert it to shorter wavelength emission. For example, blue emission can be obtained by using a green OLED or red OLED with a TTA-UC layer. Long device operational lifetime can be achieved using these devices.

These devices using TTA-UC may have several applications. For example, it can be used to achieve cool white OLEDs, i.e., high correlated color temperature, using a warm white OLED, i.e., low correlated color temperature. The blue part of the spectrum can be generated from the TTA-UC. Furthermore, a white OLED can be obtained with a green/red OLED and a TTA-UC layer. It can also be used to generate monochrome blue light if a filter is used. The general concept is illustrated in FIG. 3, showing a cool white device 310, a white device 320 and a blue device 330. In one embodiment, a warm white OLED 300 and a TTA-UC layer 305 are stacked to form cool white device 310. In another embodiment, a green or red OLED 315 and a TTA-UC layer 305 are stacked to form white device 320. In a further embodiment, a green or red OLED 315, a TTA-UC layer 305 and a color filter 325 are stacked to form blue device 320.

Devices using triplet-triplet annihilation up conversation (TTA-UC) to covert emission from a light source, e.g., an OLED, to an emission with shorter wavelength are provided. A first device is provided, comprising a first organic light emitting device comprising a first material that is an emitting material having a first emissive spectrum, and a first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer disposed adjacent to the first organic light emitting device such that light emitted by the organic light emitting device is incident on the first up-conversation layer. The first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer comprising a first donor material and a first acceptor material, and the first donor material has an absorption spectrum that overlaps with the first emissive spectrum.

A variety of donor and acceptor materials may be suitable for use in these devices. Non-limiting examples of compounds that may be used in the up-conversation layer include those listed below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 λ_(excitation) λ_(emission) Donor Acceptor (nm) (nm) Reference

514.5 400 Chem. Comm. 2005, 3776-3777

442 360 J. Phys. Chem. A 2009, 113, 5912-5917

635 490 Inorg. Chem. 2009, 48, 2541-2548

544 445 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12652- 12653

725 560 J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, 112, 3550-3556

514.5 431 J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, 112, 3906-3910

450 390 J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 11440-11445

635 527 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 16164- 16165

514.5 445 Chem. Comm. 2005, 3776-3777

635 556 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 16164- 16165

695 500 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7693-7696

532 445 Chem. Commun. 2009, 4064- 4066

537 420 THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2005, 123, 074902

410 360 Journal of Luminescence 2009, 129, 303-306

700 560 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 1795-1799

635 445 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 195- 200

In one aspect, the device further comprises a pixel, which further comprises three subpixels (illustrated in FIG. 4). The first subpixel comprises the first organic light emitting device and the first up-conversation layer disposed adjacent to the first organic light emitting device. The second subpixel comprises a second organic light emitting device comprising a second material that is an emitting material having a second emissive spectrum. Preferably, the second subpixel does not include an up-conversation layer or a down conversion layer. The third subpixel comprises a third organic light emitting device comprising a third material that is an emitting material having a third emissive spectrum. For example, device 400 comprises three subpixels 405, 410 and 415, each of which emits a different color light. The first subpixel 405 comprises a green PHOLED 420 and an up-conversion layer 425. Green light emitted from the green PHOLED 420 is absorbed by the up-conversion layer 425, and emitted as blue light. The second subpixel 410 comprises a green PHOLED 420. Green light emitted from the green PHOLED 420 is not absorbed by an up-conversion layer or a down-conversion layer, resulting in green emission. The third subpixel 415 comprises a green PHOLED 420 and a down-conversion layer 430. Green light emitted from the green PHOLED 420 is absorbed by the down-conversion layer 430, and emitted as red light. Preferably, each of the green PHOLEDS 420 in subpixels 405, 410 and 415 are made from the same materials and have the same device structure, thereby allowing the device 400 having red, green and blue emission to be manufactured using the device architecture and materials of a single green PHOLED.

Device 500 also contains three subpixels 505, 510 and 515, each of which emits a different color light, but device 500 has a different device architecture than device 400. The first subpixel 505 comprises a green PHOLED 520 and an up-conversion layer 525. Green light emitted from the green PHOLED 520 is absorbed by the up-conversion layer 525, and emitted as blue light. The second subpixel 510 comprises a green PHOLED 520. Green light emitted from the green PHOLED 520 is not absorbed by an up-conversion layer or a down-conversion layer, resulting in green emission. The third subpixel 515 comprises a red PHOLED 530. Red light emitted from the red PHOLED 530 is not absorbed by an up-conversion layer or a down-conversion layer, resulting in red emission. Preferably, each of the green PHOLEDS 520 in subpixels 505 and 510 are made from the same materials and have the same device structure, thereby allowing the blue and green emission of device 500 to be manufactured using the device architecture and materials of a single green PHOLED.

In another aspect, the third subpixel further comprises a first down conversion layer disposed adjacent to the third organic light emitting device such that light emitted by the third organic light emitting device is incident on the first down conversion layer.

In yet another aspect, the first material, the second material, and the third material have an emissive spectrum having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm. Preferably, the first material, the second material, and the third material are the same material.

In a further aspect, the first and the second materials have an emissive spectrum having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm, and the third material has an emissive spectrum having a peak wavelength of about 600 nm to about 700 nm. Preferably, the second subpixel does not comprise an up-conversation layer or a down conversion layer.

In one aspect, the first subpixel has an emissive spectrum that has a peak wavelength of about 400 nm to about 500 nm, the second subpixel has an emissive spectrum that has a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm, and the third subpixel has an emissive spectrum that has a peak wavelength of about 600 nm to about 700 nm.

In another aspect, the first material, the second material, and the third material have an emissive spectrum having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm. In the first subpixel, the first material emits light having a peak wavelength of about 500 to about 600 nm. The first up-conversation layer absorbs light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm and emits light having a peak wavelength of about 400 nm to about 500 nm, such that the first subpixel emits light having a peak wavelength of about 400 nm to about 500 nm. The second subpixel does not include an up-conversation or a down conversion layer, and the second material emits light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm, such that the second subpixel emits light having a wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm. The third subpixel includes a down conversion layer, which absorbs light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm and emits light having a peak wavelength of about 600 nm to about 700 nm, such that the third subpixel emits light having a peak wavelength of about 600 nm to about 700 nm. Preferably, the first material, the second material, and the third material are the same material.

In one aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer absorbs between about 80 percent and about 100 percent of the light emitted from the organic light emitting device.

In another aspect, the device further comprises at least one filter that absorbs light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm.

In yet another aspect, the device further comprises at least one microcavity that absorbs light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 600 nm.

In a further aspect, the device absorbs 99 percent of the emitted light emitted by the first material.

In one aspect, the organic light emitting device is capable of emitting a first spectrum of light having a first peak wavelength when voltage is applied to the device. The first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer is capable of absorbing the first spectrum of light and emitting a second spectrum of light with a second peak wavelength. The second peak wavelength is shorter than the first peak wavelength.

In another aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer absorbs between about 20 percent and about 80 percent of the light emitted by the first material.

In one aspect, the device has CIE coordinates of x=0.10-0.40, y=0.05-0.40.

In another aspect, the device has a CRI of about 80 to about 100.

In one aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer is a solution. In another aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer is a solid film.

In one aspect, the light source is a green organic light emitting device or red organic light emitting device.

In another aspect, the first material emits light having CIE coordinates of within a seven step McAdam ellipse centered on the black body curve with a correlated color temperature (CCT) in the range of 2500-7400K and the first device emits light having CIE coordinates of within a seven step McAdam ellipse centered on the black body curve with a correlated color temperature (CCT) at least 50K higher than that of the emission of the first material.

In yet another aspect, the first material emits light having a peak wavelength of about 500 nm to about 700 nm, and the first device emits light having CIE coordinates of within a seven step McAdam ellipse centered on the black body curve with a correlated color temperature (CCT) in the range of 4000-7000K.

In one aspect, the first device further comprises a filter deposited over the organic light emitting device.

In one aspect, the first device is an area emitting device.

In one aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer and the organic light emitting device are deposited on the same substrate. In another aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer is vertically-stacked upon the organic light emitting device. In yet another aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer and the organic light emitting device are positioned side by side.

In one aspect, the first device is a display. In another aspect, the first device is suitable for general illumination purposes.

In one aspect, the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer has a linear or circular light polarization function.

In one aspect, the first material is a small molecule. In another aspect, the first material is a phosphorescent molecule.

In one aspect, up-conversation is achieved through triplet-triplet annihilation.

In one aspect, the first donor materials are selected from the group consisting of:

The first donor materials may be substituted or unsubstituted.

In another aspect, the first acceptor materials are selected from the group consisting of:

The first acceptor materials may be substituted or unsubstituted.

Methods of operating a device are also provided. The methods comprise driving an organic light emitting device to generate light, absorbing the light in a first up-conversation layer, shortening the wavelength of the light using triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation, and emitting the light.

Combination with Other Materials

The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device as incident light source for up-conversation may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination.

HIL/HTL:

A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in embodiments of the present invention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transporting material. Examples of the material include, but are not limited to: a phthalocyanine or porphyrin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; an indolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; a polymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such as PEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such as phosphonic acid and silane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, such as MoO_(x); a p-type semiconducting organic compound, such as 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and a cross-linkable compounds.

Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to the following general structures:

Each of Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each Ar is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.

In one aspect, Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:

k is an integer from 1 to 20; X¹ to X⁸ is CH or N; Ar¹ has the same group defined above.

Examples of metal complexes used in HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to the following general formula:

M is a metal, having an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y¹-Y²) is a bidentate ligand, Y1 and Y² are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L is an ancillary ligand; m is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and m+n is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, (Y¹-Y²) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative.

In another aspect, (Y¹-Y²) is a carbene ligand.

In another aspect, M is selected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn.

In a further aspect, the metal complex has a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc⁺/Fc couple less than about 0.6 V.

Host:

The light emitting layer of the organic EL device in embodiments of the present invention preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant.

Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have the following general formula:

M is a metal; (Y³-Y⁴) is a bidentate ligand, Y³ and Y⁴ are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L is an ancillary ligand; m is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and m+n is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, the metal complexes are:

(O—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O and N.

In another aspect, M is selected from Ir and Pt.

In a further aspect, (Y³-Y⁴) is a carbene ligand.

Examples of organic compounds used as host are selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each group is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.

In one aspect, host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

R¹ to R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above.

k is an integer from 0 to 20.

X¹ to X⁸ is selected from CH or N.

HBL:

A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED.

In one aspect, compound used in HBL contains the same molecule used as host described above.

In another aspect, compound used in HBL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

k is an integer from 0 to 20; L is an ancillary ligand, m is an integer from 1 to 3.

ETL:

Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typically used to transport electrons.

In one aspect, compound used in ETL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above.

Ar¹ to Ar³ has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above.

k is an integer from 0 to 20.

X¹ to X⁸ is selected from CH or N.

In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL contains, but are not limited to the following general formula:

(O—N) or (N—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O, N or N, N; L is an ancillary ligand; m is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In any of the above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of OLED device, the hydrogen atoms can be partially or fully deuterated.

In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosed herein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, dopant materials, exciton/hole blocking layer materials, electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in an OLED. Non-limiting examples of the materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are listed in Table 2 below. Table 2 lists non-limiting classes of materials, non-limiting examples of compounds for each class, and references that disclose the materials.

TABLE 2 MATERIAL EXAMPLES OF MATERIAL PUBLICATIONS Hole injection materials Phthalocyanine and porphryin compounds

Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2160 (1996) Starburst triarylamines

J. Lumin. 72-74, 985 (1997) CF_(x) Fluoro- hydrocarbon polymer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 673 (2001) Conducting polymers (e.g., PEDOT:PSS, polyaniline, polypthiophene)

Synth. Met. 87, 171 (1997) WO2007002683 Phosphonic acid and sliane SAMs

US20030162053 Triarylamine or polythiophene polymers with conductivity dopants

EA01725079A1 and

Arylamines complexed with metal oxides such as molybdenum and tungsten oxides

SID Symposium Digest, 37, 923 (2006) WO2009018009 p-type semiconducting organic complexes

US20020158242 Metal organometallic complexes

US20060240279 Cross-linkable compounds

US20080220265 Hole transporting materials Triarylamines (e.g., TPD, α-NPD)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987)

U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,569

EP650955

J. Mater. Chem. 3, 319 (1993)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 183503 (2007)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 183503 (2007) Triaylamine on spirofluorene core

Synth. Met. 91, 209 (1997) Arylamine carbazole compounds

Adv. Mater. 6, 677 (1994), US20080124572 Triarylamine with (di)benzothiophene/ (di)benzofuran

US20070278938, US20080106190 Indolocarbazoles

Synth. Met. 111, 421 (2000) Isoindole compounds

Chem. Mater. 15, 3148 (2003) Metal carbene complexes

US20080018221 Phosphorescent OLED host materials Red hosts Arylcarbazoles

Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001) Metal 8- hydroxyquinolates (e.g., Alq₃, BAlq)

Nature 395, 151 (1998)

US20060202194

WO2005014551

WO2006072002 Metal phenoxy- benzothiazole compounds

Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 123509 (2007) Conjugated oligomers and polymers (e.g., polyfluorene)

Org. Electron. 1, 15 (2000) Aromatic fused rings

WO2009066779, WO2009066778, WO2009063833, US20090045731, US20090045730, WO2009008311, US20090008605, US20090009065 Zinc complexes

WO2009062578 Green hosts Arylcarbazoles

Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001)

US20030175553

WO2001039234 Aryltriphenylene compounds

US20060280965

US20060280965

WO2009021126 Donor acceptor type molecules

WO2008056746 Aza-carbazole/ DBT/DBF

JP2008074939 Polymers (e.g., PVK)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2280 (2000) Spirofluorene compounds

WO2004093207 Metal phenoxy- benzooxazole compounds

WO2005089025

WO2006132173

JP200511610 Spirofluorene- carbazole compounds

JP2007254297

JP2007254297 Indolocabazoles

WO2007063796

WO2007063754 5-member ring electron deficient heterocycles (e.g., triazole, oxadiazole)

J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5048 (2001)

WO2004107822 Tetraphenylene complexes

US20050112407 Metal phenoxypyridine compounds

WO2005030900 Metal coordination complexes (e.g., Zn, Al with N{circumflex over ( )}N ligands)

US20040137268, US20040137267 Blue hosts Arylcarbazoles

Appl. Phys. Lett, 82, 2422 (2003)

US20070190359 Dibenzothiophene/ Dibenzofuran- carbazole compounds

WO2006114966, US20090167162

US20090167162

WO2009086028

US20090030202, US20090017330 Silicon aryl compounds

US20050238919

WO2009003898 Silicon/ Germanium aryl compounds

EP2034538A Aryl benzoyl ester

WO2006100298 High triplet metal organometallic complex

U.S. Pat. No. 7,154,114 Phosphorescent dopants Red dopants Heavy metal porphyrins (e.g., PtOEP)

Nature 395, 151 (1998) Iridium(III) organometallic complexes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001)

US2006835469

US2006835469

US20060202194

US20060202194

US20070087321

US20070087321

Adv. Mater. 19, 739 (2007)

WO2009100991

WO2008101842 Platinum(II) organometallic complexes

WO2003040257 Osminum(III) complexes

Chem. Mater. 17, 3532 (2005) Ruthenium(II) complexes

Adv. Mater. 17, 1059 (2005) Rhenium (I), (II), and (III) complexes

US20050244673 Green dopants Iridium(III) organometallic complexes

Inorg. Chem. 40, 1704 (2001)

US20020034656

U.S. Pat. No. 7,332,232

US20090108737

US20090039776

U.S. Pat. No. 6,921,915

U.S. Pat. No. 6,687,266

Chem. Mater. 16, 2480 (2004)

US20070190359

US 20060008670 JP2007123392

Adv. Mater. 16, 2003 (2004)

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7800

WO2009050290

US20090165846

US20080015355 Monomer for polymeric metal organometallic compounds

U.S. Pat. No. 7,250,226, U.S. Pat. No. 7,396,598 Pt(II) organometallic complexes, including polydentated ligands

Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 153505 (2005)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 153505 (2005)

Chem. Lett. 34, 592 (2005)

WO2002015645

US20060263635 Cu complexes

WO2009000673 Gold complexes

Chem. Commun. 2906 (2005) Rhenium(III) complexes

Inorg. Chem. 42, 1248 (2003) Deuterated organometallic complexes

US20030138657 Organometallic complexes with two or more metal centers

US20030152802

U.S. Pat. No. 7,090,928 Blue dopants Iridium(III) organometallic complexes

WO2002002714

WO2006009024

US20060251923

U.S. Pat. No. 7,393,599, WO2006056418, US20050260441, WO2005019373

U.S. Pat. No. 7,534,505

U.S. Pat. No. 7,445,855

US20070190359, US20080297033

U.S. Pat. No. 7,338,722

US20020134984

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 1 (2008)

Chem. Mater. 18, 5119 (2006)

Inorg. Chem. 46, 4308 (2007)

WO2005123873

WO2005123873

WO2007004380

WO2006082742 Osmium(II) complexes

U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704

Organometallics 23, 3745 (2004) Gold complexes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 1361 (1999) Platinum(II) complexes

WO2006098120, WO2006103874 Exciton/hole blocking layer materials Bathocuprine compounds (e.g., BCP, BPhen)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 4 (1999)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 449 (2001) Metal 8- hydroxy- quinolates (e.g., BAlq)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 162 (2002) 5-member ring electron deficient heterocycles such as triazole, oxadiazole, imidazole, benzoimidazole

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 162 (2002) Triphenylene compounds

US20050025993 Fluorinated aromatic compounds

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 156 (2001) Phenothiazine- S-oxide

WO2008132085 Electron transporting materials Anthracene- benzoimidazole compounds

WO2003060956

US20090179554 Aza triphenylene derivatives

US20090115316 Anthracene- benzothiazole compounds

Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 063504 (2006) Metal 8- hydroxy- quinolates (e.g., Alq₃, Zrq₄)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987) U.S. Pat. No. 7,230,107 Metal hydroxy- benoquinolates

Chem. Lett. 5, 905 (1993) Bathocuprine compounds such as BCP, BPhen, etc

Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 263503 (2007)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 449 (2001) 5-member ring electron deficient heterocycles (e.g., triazole, oxadiazole, imidazole, benzoimidazole)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 865 (1999)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 1489 (1989)

Jpn. J. Apply. Phys. 32, L917 (1993) Silole compounds

Org. Electron. 4, 113 (2003) Arylborane compounds

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 9714 (1998) Fluorinated aromatic compounds

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 1832 (2000) Fullerene (e.g., C60)

US20090101870 Triazine complexes

US20040036077 Zn (N{circumflex over ( )}N) complexes

U.S. Pat. No. 6,528,187

It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore includes variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting. 

1. A method of operating a device, comprising: driving a first organic light emitting device to generate light; absorbing the light in a first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer; shortening the wavelength of the light using triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation; and emitting the light having a shortened wavelength.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: driving a second organic light emitting device to generate light; absorbing the light generated by the second organic light emitting device in a first down conversion layer to lengthen the light generated by the second organic light emitting device; and emitting the light generated by the second organic light emitting device having a lengthened wavelength.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a first subpixel in a device comprises the first organic light emitting device, and a second subpixel in the device comprises the second organic light emitting device.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of driving the first organic light emitting device to generate light comprises driving the first organic light emitting device to generate light having a peak wavelength of about 500 to about 600 nm.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising absorbing at least a portion of light generated by the first organic light emitting device with a filter.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising absorbing at least a portion of light generated by the first organic light emitting device with a microcavity.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of absorbing the light in the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion layer comprises absorbing between about 80% and about 100% of light emitted from the first organic light emitting device.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion layer is a solution.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion layer is a solid film.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer has a linear or circular light polarization function.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first organic light emitting device comprises a first emissive material that comprises a small molecule.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first organic light emitting device comprises a first emissive material that comprises a phosphorescent molecule.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion layer comprises a donor material and an acceptor material.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first organic light emitting device is a green organic light emitting device or red organic light emitting device.
 15. The device of claim 1, wherein the first donor material is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein the first donor material may be substituted or unsubstituted; and wherein the first acceptor material is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein the first acceptor material may be substituted or unsubstituted.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer and the organic light emitting device are disposed on the same substrate.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer is vertically-stacked upon the organic light emitting device.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the first triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversation layer and the organic light emitting device are positioned side by side. 